Beyoncé’s Discography

Ranking Beyoncé’s songs on feature importance. Timbre coefficient c02 stands out.

In this graph, you can see that timbre coefficient c02 stands out as the most important feature. This is remarkable, because c02 has shown to be the most different timbre coefficient between the albums, as you could have seen on the preceding page about timbre coefficients. Maybe this also indicates why this feature is so important in Beyoncé’s music.

K-Nearest Neighbour with timbre coefficient c02, algorithm can make a fair prediction on Beyoncé’s older and newer music based on this coefficient.

Here, Beyoncé’s albums and the accompanying songs are divided in two groups, namely old (her first four albums, untill Beyoncé) and new (her last three albums). The algorithm has made predictions about the distribution of the songs in the two groups based on the feature c02 (since this feature stood out in the graphs of the preceding pages).
As can be seen, the predictions are relatively neat. Most of the songs from both “old” and “new” are well predicted, which could means that both groups have a certain recurring c02 which can be recognized by the algorithm.
So with the last three graphs, We have seen that c02 has decreased drastically over time, that it is the most important feature of Beyoncé’s songs, and that a lot of her songs can be classified into older and newer songs.

Beyoncé’s discography, and how has her music changed over time?

Nowadays, Beyoncé is one of my favorite artists. One of the reasons I like to listen to Beyoncé’s music is because she has such a diverse style in her albums. You can find various music genres come back in her music, like R&B, soul, (dance)pop, hiphop, and funk. So far she has produced the following albums, among others:

Dangerously In Love (2003)
B-Day (2006)
I Am Sacha Fierce (2008)
4 (2011)
Beyoncé (2013)
Lemonade (2016)
The Lion King (2019)

On extravagant moments I like to listen to 4, if I want to listen to old pop classics like Halo, I put on I Am Sacha Fierce, and when I’m not feeling well I listen to Lemonade for a boost of self-confidence and great hiphop-beats. Because I like Beyoncé’s diversity in styles and genres between and in her albums, I will research with the SpotifyR features how her music has developed over the seven albums I’ve mentioned above. I personally notice a number of differences between her albums, for example that her newer albums contain less acoustic songs and that the overall vibe is less positive. Therefore, I’m going to research the acousticness and valence of her albums. I’m expecting them to have shifted downwards after the release of her album Beyoncé, because this album is known for having a different style compared to Beyoncé’s earlier albums (it’s been said a lot that her later albums contained a different, lower end hip hop bass). In addition, I’m interested in the danceability, energy, and speechiness of her albums. However, I think these features are very high for all her albums, and that no major differences will be seen. Let’s see if this assumption is correct!

Furthermore, I am curious in the key variation of Beyoncé’s songs and albums, so I will take a look at that. Specifically, I will dive deeper in Beyoncé’s work by visualizing the specific key changes in the song Love On Top, since this song is well known for having “definitively the greatest key changes in all pop music”.

Albums show a high diversity in character. A shift in valence and acousticness over time.

In these graphs, energy, valence, acousticness, and danceability are shown of Beyoncé’s albums.
Overall, the scatterplots show that the the songs of every album show a variety in values of energy, valence, acousticness and danceability. This shows that her albums are not static, but that the the albums have a high diversity in character.
Furthermore, the overall valence level of her albums has shifted downwards after the release of Beyoncé. Before Beyoncé, valence values of her songs were never even close to zero, whereas her last three albums contain more lower-valued valence songs.
Besides, acousticness has increased a bit in her last two albums, with values above 0.9. This was only seen once in her album Dangerously In Love, but not again untill Lemonade and The Lion King.
Two songs, Hip Hop Star and Heaven, have been labelled because they’ll come back in a later graph.

No clear changes in speechiness, so this feature has been constant in Beyoncé’s music.

In these graphs, the speechiness is shown of Beyoncé’s albums. Unfortunately, ggplotly removes the y-axis label, but the label speechiness should be there.
Overall, the speechiness of Beyoncé’s albums is more on the lower side, showing a lot of songs with speechiness-values below 0.1. According to Spotify API, this means that her albums contain mostly non-speech-like songs (songs < 0.33). However, this is not what I personally experience when I listen to Beyoncé’s music. Therefore, I’m not sure what to conclude from this graph.

Albums show a diversity in keys, which means a contrast between the songs in her albums.

In this graph, the musical key percentage of Beyoncé’s albums is shown.
After I created this graph, purely out of interest in the keys she uses for her songs, I was not sure if this graph would be of any use for my research.
However, the graph does show something I feel is important for my research, namely the diversity in keys she uses in her albums. Besides the fact that the D#/Eb key is neglected in her songs, all the keys are used in songs of at least three of her albums. I’m not sure if this has in any way effect on my opinion that her albums are so diverse, but it shows some contrast between the songs in her albums.

Structure of Love On Top. Timbre and pitch features shown in self-similarity matrix.

As I already explained in the introduction, I’m interested in the key changes of the song Love On Top, because this song is very well-known for it. Therefore, I will take a look at the chroma and timbre features.
In the two self-similarity matrices (SSMs) you can see chroma as well as timbre features of the song Love On Top. Left, you see the chroma features, which show the harmonic and melodic characteristics. Right, the timbre features are shown, which show the changes in timbre and instrumentation.
In the chroma SSM, the dark diagonal lines from 0 to 180 seconds show repetition in pitches. The diagonal lines disappear after approximately 180 seconds. I think this happens because in the last two minutes of the song, the chorus is repeated and goes through four key changes, starting in C major and proceeding to Db major, then to D major, Eb major, and finally to E major.
In the timbre SSM, I can’t really see any patterns. I think there’s mostly an similar timbre throughout the song (even instrumentation and beat, and a verse-chorus form with different vocals).

Chromagram of Love On Top. Here, the modulations are shown more clearly.

In this chromagram, the key changes/modulations of Love On Top (which I explained in the self-similarity matrix) are shown more clearly. As you can see, after 180 seconds the song switches from C major to Db major, D major, Eb major, and lastly to E major.

Songs of the album Beyoncé show a similar tempo, which is a different pattern than the songs of the other albums, which have a more varied tempo.

In this graph, I’ve compared the variables tempo, loudness and duration of two older albums, Dangerously In Love and B-Day Deluxe Edition, with two newer albums, Beyoncé and Lemonade.
The album Beyoncé seems to be different in tempo than the other albums. It’s kind of funny to see that Beyoncé has a lot of songs (seven of the fourteen songs) around a mean tempo of 140 bpm, whereas the songs of the other albums are more spread out.

Tempograms of Hip Hop Star and Heaven.The tempo of Hip Hop Star appears very constant, while Heaven has much *inconsistency**.

As we’ve seen in the graph of the preceding page, the album Beyoncé seems to have a different pattern in tempo compared to the albums Dangerously In Love, B-Day Deluxe Edition, and Lemonade. Therefore, I’d like to compare the tempograms of a song from Beyoncé with a song from one of the other three albums.
I’ve chosen to compare Hip Hop Star from Dangerously In Love with Heaven from Beyoncé, since Hip Hop Star has extremely high valence and energy and a low acousticness and Heaven an extremely low valence and energy and a high acousticness (they have the highest and lowest valence in this corpus, which can be seen in the features scatterplot from a few storyboards back).
As can be seen, the tempo of Hip Hop Star is constant around 82 bpm, while Heaven has a more ‘noisy’ tempo. I think this has to do with the difference in acousticness. Since Heaven is almost 100% acoustic, it could be harder to determine the exact tempo.

Albums show major difference in timbre coefficient c02.

In this graph, the difference in timbre coefficients between four of Beyoncé’s albums can be seen.
I know this graph is a bit intense to take in, and I initially wanted to take out two albums because it’s so crowded, but the situation at x = c02 is too interesting to leave out some albums. You can see major differences in the co2 coefficient between the four albums. The c02 describes lower frequencies, which means that in the later albums, there is more emphasized on the lower end (hip hop) bass. The hip hop 808 bass harmonics and tone is very important in Beyoncé’s music production and mixing, so apparently the use of the lower end bass has increased over the years.
Besides c03, the violin plots of the coefficients are very compact and constant between the four albums, so not significant changes over time.